(a) name appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time, temperature, mass and volume, including burettes, pipettes, measuring cylinders and gas syringes
(b) suggest suitable apparatus, given relevant information, for a variety of simple experiments, including collection of gases and measurement of rates of reaction
(c) describe methods of separation and purification for the components of the following types of mixtures:
(i) solid-solid
(ii) solid-liquid
(iii) liquid-liquid (miscible and immiscible)
Techniques to be covered for separation and purification include:
(i) use of a suitable solvent, filtration and crystallization or evaporation
(ii) sublimation
(iii) distillation and fractional distillation
(iv) use of a separating funnel
(v) paper chromatography
(d) describe paper chromatography and interpret chromatograms including comparison with ‘known’ samples and the use of Rf values
(e) explain the need to use locating agents in the chromatography of colourless compounds
(f) deduce from the given melting point and boiling point the identities of substances and their purity
(g) explain that the measurement of purity in substances used in everyday life, e.g. foodstuffs and drugs, is important
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